Across Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, women continue to defend their basic rights while dealing with severe gender-based restrictions. “Our rights are curtailed. But there still is a vital space for women, and we must support Afghan women’s organizations to survive these difficult times,” says Zuhra Zaheer, Cordaid’s Gender and GBV coordinator in Kabul. A quick survey among grassroots Afghan women’s leaders shows common challenges, striking differences, and a shared will to pursue their mission.
The restrictions imposed on women by the new Afghan government are severe, to say the least. Progress Afghan women made in the past 20 years is being undone. From reproductive rights to school enrolment, participation in governance, and labour market access. Freedoms women had won were taken from them.
Women’s Achievements Under Threat
Take girls’ school attendance, which has increased spectacularly in primary and secondary schools and universities in the past two decades. Today, until further notice, the Taliban have decreed that girls are not allowed to go to school beyond 6th grade (age 10 and older). Primary schools and universities are still accessible but have become fully gender-segregated. For public universities, there are gender-specific days. And many girls no longer go to class because of the lack of female teachers.
“Right at the time when our basic rights to choose, to speak, to work, and to move freely are brutally curtailed, we have fewer recourses to justice than ever.”
Women’s labour market participation, which had increased to 22% by 2019, is deteriorating as it has become harder for women to participate in public life. Certain sectors, such as health care and education, remain open to women. But many of them, including civil servants, cannot return to their workspace. Some are still paid (part of) their salary, while others have lost their jobs. And office life has radically changed for those still allowed to go to work. “In many offices, including offices of NGOs, women and men have to work in separate spaces”, explains Zuhra Zaheer, Cordaid’s Gender and GBV coordinator in Kabul.
There are other restrictions. “Women cannot travel beyond 48 miles without a mahram [male escort]. There is strong pressure on women to cover their entire bodies and to cover their faces while interacting with a male. Thus, we can’t move or travel freely, and we can’t decide what to wear”, she adds.
“We Will Not Give In”
New gender policies affect individual lives and shape institutions and society. “Right now, there are no legal entities women can turn to when their rights are violated. Key institutions for the protection and empowerment of women, like the Human Rights Commission, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, and many civil society organisations, have been abolished recently”, Zaheer explains. Even parliament, the paramount representational platform for women, has been dissolved.
“In fact, right at the time when our basic rights to choose, to speak, to work, and to move freely are brutally curtailed, we have fewer recourses to justice and fewer means to take part in public and civil life than ever. But we will not give in”, Zaheer concludes.
Indeed, Afghan women have not given up despite the challenges they face. By ‘we’, Zaheer means not only young, educated Afghan women in Kabul like herself but the wider network and community of women’s activists across the country. This includes the grassroots Provincial Women’s Networks that Cordaid and the Dutch Government have supported for the past seven years.
No Peace Without Women
In all its interventions over the past years, whether it was promoting healthcare or private sector development, delivering emergency aid or furthering the women’s peace and security agenda, and the participation of women in governance and decision-making, Cordaid sought and seeks to promote gender equity. The reason is as simple as it is urgent. There can be no stable, peaceful and prosperous Afghanistan as long as half of its population has their rights denied and cannot meaningfully participate.
The Provincial Women’s Networks (PWN) has been a key Afghan partner in our gender equity work. We have supported them since 2015, covering operational costs, providing capacity building, and supporting networking and advocacy initiatives. The last collaboration, under the umbrella of the Monitoring Women, Peace and Security Phase 2 programme, MWSP2), which is financed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has been put on hold and is currently being reviewed.
In each province, women activists from the PWNs and other networks have been addressing and tackling violence against women, boosting women’s participation in all levels of decision-making, and lobbying on peace and security issues.
Afghan Women’s Rights Defenders Use Every Inch of Freedom They Have
Afghanistan’s gender equity progress over the past two decades is largely the result of this wide network of Afghan women’s activists. They peacefully battled for their rights during years of violent conflict prior to the Taliban takeover in August 2021. We have asked five of them in five different provinces how they are doing, whether they are still operational, and how they cope with the current restrictions. For security reasons, we do not disclose their faces, names, or the names of their networks or organisations.
“There are things we can no longer do. But there are also things we can do, opportunities we can take. In fact, we grab every chance to support other women.”
“What we see here in Herat province is that women who work for the government are not allowed to go to work and have to stay home until further notice. Many women, including teachers and academics, have left the country”, says one of the activists we talked to. “We are still here, trying to organize ourselves and not staying inside our homes. Supporting women in obtaining government positions, something we did a lot, is no longer possible. But we come to our office and gather with other women and activists. A lack of funds prevents us from launching outdoor activities. But at least coming together provides psychological support. And at least women know where to find us.”
Committed to Staying
“I am committed to staying here and helping other women”, indicates the activist in Herat. “I told them that I will continue to fight for their rights. We don’t do anything against the law, so we stay committed to working for women’s rights. Even in the changed context. Many organizations have closed. We are the only hope for women. And we need all the support we can get, in the first place, to renew our work license and permit,” she concludes.
“If We Don’t Reach Out to Them, Who Will?”
“There was and is a lot of fear and uncertainty”, says a Kabul-based activist. “Right after the August 2021 events [when the Taliban seized national control], we even hid our office’s few assets to avoid being directly targeted. Now, little by little, we are gradually getting back on track. Sure, there are things we can no longer do. But there are also things we can do and opportunities we can take. We grab every chance to support other women. Education initiatives, humanitarian aid, helping women to set up a business, supporting them in accessing health facilities, providing psychosocial support… all of this is allowed. We do whatever we can do. We have to. Women who face violence in their own families can no longer ask for protection or justice from the government. They are afraid to report. If we don’t reach out to them, who will?”
In Kandahar province, limitations are more challenging. “We don’t even have the permission to operate as an organisation. Authorities have closed all civil society organisations in Kandahar. And as a woman, I am not even allowed to go to government departments. We, women activists, cannot even meet face to face. WhatsApp is all we have”, says a women’s rights activist in southwestern Kandahar province.
She has one window of opportunity, though. As an influential and highly respected woman in her society, not with her organisation but individually. “I am allowed to support women in cases of violence within the family. Abused women have nowhere else to go, currently, as there are no legal entities to support them. So, despite the imposed limitations, we are doing whatever we can for them and help solve these family cases.”
In Paktya, southern Afghanistan, things have changed too. “Women’s rights advocacy was an important part of what we did. Now, it’s almost impossible to even go to government offices. We can’t organize public meetings any longer. So, we are using WhatsApp to stay connected. Local authorities sometimes meet with us to discuss issues without any media exposure. They are under much pressure from higher officials”, says a Paktya-based activist. “Meanwhile, a lot of the women have lost their jobs and their income. They now try to make ends meet by using the many skills they have”, she adds.
“We help girls above sixth grade who cannot go to school any longer to find alternative educational institutes so that they can continue their studies.”
Like her colleague from Kandahar, she points out that, as the Human Rights Commission and many civil society organisations have all gone, her network is the only support women have in Paktya.
And just like the others, she goes to great lengths to stay operational. “When the new government came, they told us we had to stop. But I resisted and told them that I would go out and fight for other women. That I will protect what Afghan women have achieved. Today, we can organize meetings in person. But because of a lack of funds, we only meet online. We minimize our exposure, but we still go out into the communities. We help girls above sixth grade who cannot go to school any longer to find alternative educational institutes so that they can continue their studies. And we support young women to take part in vocational training, improving their prospects for the future”, she explains.
In Daikundi, Central Afghanistan, the situation seems less bleak. “We feel freer than women in other provinces. Socially, we do not feel a lot of restrictions”, claims a women’s rights activist in that province.
Lack of Funding, Lack of Support
Apart from the imposed restrictions and the impossibility for many women’s organisations and networks to renew their licenses, PWN’s biggest concern is the lack of financial support and international solidarity. Most, if not all, of that support came from the international community.
Support for PWNs mostly came from the Dutch government via Cordaid and the MWSP2 programme. That programme is now on the verge of ending before its initially projected end date in 2024.
“Peace is not the absence of war. Peace is creating the conditions that war will not return and that justice prevails.”
“We want to use every opportunity, small or big, to keep our women’s empowering activities alive. And to support Afghan women’s based organisations to survive these difficult times”, says Cordaid Afghanistan Director Marco Savio. “They are strong, professional, and committed in all parts of Afghanistan. If that stops, it would be a blow. For women, in the first place. But also for civil society as a whole. Without them, you’d need to start from scratch once it is possible to scale up activities again. It is easy to close down but very hard to restart”, he adds.
In the words of the women’s activist from Paktya, “Afghan women have achieved a lot in the past decades. We fought for that. We now need the international community’s and donors’ support to safeguard those achievements and continue empowering women instead of steeply going downhill.”
Now Is the Time to Speak Out and Act
A colleague in Kabul echoes her words. “Countries and institutions around the globe have to speak out, act, and show support. Now is the time”
Less than two years ago, when peace talks with the Taliban had started, prominent Afghan activist Zarqa Yaftali said, in her interview with Cordaid: “Peace is not the absence of war. Peace creates the conditions that war will not return and justice will prevail. An important part of justice is that the basic rights and freedoms of women and young people are enshrined in our constitution and enshrined in our society.”
By showing international solidarity with Afghan women and supporting them, we can help keep that vision of peace alive in Afghanistan.
This article, a co-production from Ezatullah Omerzai in Kabul and Frank van Lierde in The Hague, was written in mid-May 2022. Shortly after, Zuhra Zaheer left Cordaid for reasons that were not directly related to the political situation in Afghanistan. Cordaid Afghanistan is in th